REFERENCE · 204 TERMS

Romanian Legal & Business Glossary (English)

Name: Cabinet de Avocatură Pantilimon Rikhárd-Árpád
Address: Strada Rodnei 3, Târgu Mureș, Mureș, 540342, RO
Telephone: +40740011411
Price range: $$

Every Romanian acronym a foreign investor or expat will meet — explained in plain English by Romanian attorneys. Updated for 2026, with 204 terms across 14 practice areas.

204 terms

SRLSocietate cu Răspundere Limitată: Romanian limited-liability company — the most common vehicle for foreign investors. Minimum share capital 500 RON (~€100). Governed by Law 31/1990.
SASocietate pe Acțiuni: Romanian joint-stock company. Minimum share capital 90,000 RON. Used for larger ventures, regulated activities and Bucharest Stock Exchange listings.
SCASocietate în Comandită pe Acțiuni: Limited partnership by shares — combines limited and unlimited partners. Rare in practice, mainly used in family-holding structures.
SNCSocietate în Nume Colectiv: General partnership where all partners have unlimited joint liability for company debts. Uncommon, mostly historical.
SCSSocietate în Comandită Simplă: Simple limited partnership — at least one general partner (unlimited liability) and one limited partner.
SRL-DSRL Debutant: Start-up SRL regime for first-time entrepreneurs. Tax incentives and AJOFM grants, but limited to 5 employees and €100k turnover.
PFAPersoană Fizică Autorizată: Authorised natural person — Romania's sole-trader regime. Unlimited personal liability, lighter compliance than an SRL.
IIÎntreprindere Individuală: Individual enterprise — similar to PFA but allows the holder to employ family members under simplified rules.
IFÎntreprindere Familială: Family enterprise — joint structure between relatives up to the fourth degree, with shared unlimited liability.
ONRCOficiul Național al Registrului Comerțului: National Trade Register Office. Handles incorporation, share transfers, director appointments and public corporate filings.
Sediu social: Registered office. Must have valid title and be approved by ANAF (form 168). One of the most common rejection points for new SRLs.
Sediu secundar: Secondary establishment (branch, work-point, warehouse). Must be declared at ONRC and ANAF separately from the registered office.
Punct de lucru: Work-point — a physical location of business activity that is not the registered office. Must be registered with ONRC before operations begin.
AGAAdunarea Generală a Asociaților / Acționarilor: General Meeting of Shareholders. Required at least once a year; resolutions must be filed with ONRC within 15 days.
Act constitutiv: Constitutive act — combined articles of association and shareholders' agreement for a Romanian company. Must be in authentic or private signed form depending on company type.
Administrator: Director / statutory manager of a Romanian SRL or SA. Liable for management acts; appointment and revocation filed with ONRC.
Cenzor: Statutory auditor — mandatory for SAs and for SRLs above 15 shareholders. May be replaced by an independent financial auditor.
Capital social: Share capital. Minimum 500 RON for an SRL (since Law 223/2020), 90,000 RON for an SA.
Părți sociale: Quotas / shares in an SRL. Cannot be freely transferred to third parties without shareholders' approval (3/4 majority).
Acțiuni: Shares in an SA — nominal or bearer. Listed shares are dematerialised and held through Depozitarul Central.
Dividend: Profit distribution to shareholders. Taxed at 16% withholding for dividends distributed from 1 January 2026 (up from 10% in 2025, Law 141/2025). Interim dividends allowed quarterly under conditions.
Beneficiar real: Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO). Must be declared annually at ONRC under Law 129/2019 (AML).
Fuziune: Merger between Romanian companies — by absorption or by creation of a new entity. Cross-border mergers governed by Directive 2017/1132.
Divizare: Demerger / spin-off — total or partial. Common in pre-sale restructurings and family-business succession.
Lichidare: Voluntary liquidation procedure outside insolvency. Governed by Law 31/1990; takes 6–12 months on average.
Radiere: Striking off from the Trade Register — the final step that legally extinguishes the company.
Filiala: Subsidiary — a separate Romanian legal entity controlled by a parent company.
Sucursala: Branch — not a separate legal entity, but registered with ONRC and treated as a permanent establishment for tax.
Reprezentanță: Representative office of a foreign company. Cannot trade; subject to a fixed annual tax.
ANAFAgenția Națională de Administrare Fiscală: Romania's tax authority. Manages VAT, corporate tax, personal income tax, social contributions, audits and tax disputes.
TVATaxa pe Valoarea Adăugată: Romanian VAT. Standard rate 21% from August 2025 (Law 141/2025). Reduced rates 11% and 5% apply to specific categories.
Cod fiscal: Romanian Fiscal Code (Law 227/2015) — primary statute for corporate tax, VAT, income tax, withholding tax and contributions.
Cod de procedură fiscală: Fiscal Procedure Code (Law 207/2015) — governs audits, assessments, appeals, enforcement and tax-debt collection.
Microîntreprindere: Micro-enterprise regime — 1% turnover tax for qualifying SRLs up to €100,000 annual turnover (substance and activity tests apply).
Impozit pe profit: Romanian corporate income tax — standard rate 16% on taxable profit. Additional 1% turnover tax for large taxpayers (IMCA, since 2024).
IMCAImpozit Minim pe Cifra de Afaceri: Minimum turnover tax of 1% for taxpayers with consolidated turnover above €50 million. Applies even when corporate tax is lower.
Impozit specific: Additional turnover tax for banks (2%) and oil & gas companies (0.5%), introduced in 2024.
Impozit pe venit: Personal income tax — flat 10% on most categories. Different rates apply to dividends (16% from 2026) and capital gains.
RO e-Factura: Mandatory e-invoicing system. All B2B invoices between Romanian taxpayers must be transmitted via the ANAF SPV portal in XML UBL format.
RO e-Transport: Mandatory pre-notification system for cross-border road transport of high-risk goods. Fines up to 100,000 RON for non-compliance.
RO e-TVA: ANAF pre-filled VAT return system launched in 2024. Taxpayers must reconcile and confirm within 20 days.
RO e-Sigiliu: Electronic customs seal — GPS-tracked seal for monitored transit of goods across Romania.
SAF-TD406: Standard Audit File for Tax — monthly/quarterly mandatory report covering general ledger, invoices, payments and stock. Filed via ANAF SPV.
SPV ANAFSpațiul Privat Virtual: Private Virtual Space — ANAF's mandatory taxpayer portal. All companies must be enrolled; communications via SPV are legally effective.
CUICod Unic de Înregistrare: Unique Identification Code — fiscal identifier issued by ANAF to all companies. Equivalent to a tax number.
Cod TVA: Romanian VAT number — issued separately from CUI. Required for intra-EU operations; must be activated in VIES.
VIES: EU VAT Information Exchange System. Romanian VAT numbers must be visible in VIES for intra-Community supplies to be zero-rated.
Cod 014: Romanian VAT regime for intra-Community acquisitions by non-VAT payers exceeding the €10,000 threshold.
Decont TVA: VAT return — monthly or quarterly statement (D300) filed with ANAF reconciling input/output VAT.
Declarație 394: Informative VAT statement covering all domestic supplies and acquisitions. Gradually replaced by e-Factura data.
Withholding tax: Romanian source tax on payments to non-residents — 16% standard, including dividends from 2026. Reduced by treaties and the EU PSD/IRD.
Tratat de evitare a dublei impuneri: Double Tax Treaty — Romania has 90+ DTTs. Requires a tax-residence certificate of the recipient to apply reduced rates.
Certificat de rezidență fiscală: Tax-residence certificate. Mandatory for applying treaty rates on Romanian-source payments to non-residents.
Pilon II / Pilon III: Romania's mandatory (Pillar II) and voluntary (Pillar III) private pension contributions, in addition to state pensions.
Codul muncii: Romanian Labour Code (Law 53/2003) — primary statute for individual and collective employment relations.
ReGESRegistrul General de Evidență a Salariaților: Electronic register of employees (formerly REVISAL). Every contract and modification must be registered within strict deadlines.
ITMInspecția Muncii: Romanian Labour Inspectorate. Investigates undeclared work, posted-worker compliance, health & safety and workplace accidents.
CIMContract Individual de Muncă: Individual employment contract. Must be signed and registered in ReGES at least one working day before the first day of work.
CCMContract Colectiv de Muncă: Collective bargaining agreement. Mandatory negotiation in companies with 10+ employees under Law 367/2022.
A1 certificate: Portable EU document under Regulation 883/2004 confirming a posted worker stays insured in their home state.
CAS: Pension social contribution — 25% withheld from the employee. Forms the basis of the public pension entitlement.
CASS: Health insurance contribution — 10% withheld from the employee. Grants access to the national health system.
CAMContribuția Asiguratorie pentru Muncă: Employer's labour insurance contribution — 2.25%. Funds unemployment, work accidents and wage guarantee.
Salariu minim: National minimum wage — set by Government decision each year. Construction, agri-food and IT have sectoral minima.
Concediu de odihnă: Statutory paid annual leave — minimum 20 working days. Cannot be replaced by money except on termination.
Concediu medical: Sick leave — paid 75–100% from CASS funds depending on illness category. Requires medical certificate FZ form.
Preaviz: Notice period — 20 working days for resignation (non-management) or dismissal for non-disciplinary reasons; 45 for managers.
Concediere: Termination by employer. Romania has highly protective rules — collective dismissals require ITM and union consultation.
Clauză de neconcurență: Non-compete clause. Enforceable post-termination only if it pays at least 50% of average salary for max 2 years.
Telemuncă: Telework regulated by Law 81/2018. Requires written agreement; employer must reimburse work-related costs.
Detașare: Secondment of an employee to another employer. Max 1 year (extendable). Posted-worker rules apply for cross-border cases.
Delegare: Business travel assignment of up to 60 days. Daily allowance (diurnă) is tax-free up to ANAF caps.
Salariul mediu brut: National average gross wage — published yearly. Used as a reference for caps on social contributions and benefits.
Indemnizația de șomaj: Unemployment benefit — between 75% of minimum wage and 50% of average wage, paid via AJOFM for 6–12 months.
AJOFM / ANOFM: County and National Employment Agencies. Manage unemployment benefits, vocational training and active labour-market grants.
Cod de procedură civilă: Civil Procedure Code (Law 134/2010) — governs civil claims, appeals, enforcement and provisional measures.
Judecătorie: Local court — first-instance jurisdiction for claims up to 200,000 RON and small-claim matters.
Tribunal: County tribunal — first-instance for higher-value civil and commercial disputes; appellate court for judecătorie decisions.
Curtea de Apel: Court of Appeal — appellate jurisdiction over tribunals and first instance for administrative claims against central authorities.
ÎCCJÎnalta Curte de Casație și Justiție: High Court of Cassation and Justice — Romania's supreme court for civil, criminal and administrative matters.
Cerere de chemare în judecată: Statement of claim — the document that initiates civil proceedings. Must meet strict formal requirements.
Întâmpinare: Statement of defence — filed within 25 days of the claim. Failure to file forfeits most procedural objections.
Apel: Appeal — re-evaluation of facts and law before the next-level court. Filed within 30 days from communication of the judgment.
Recurs: Cassation appeal — limited to points of law. Lies before the next higher court or ÎCCJ depending on the matter.
Contestație în anulare: Extraordinary remedy for procedural defects after the judgment becomes final.
Revizuire: Extraordinary remedy for newly discovered facts, fraud or contradictory judgments.
Hotărâre definitivă: Final judgment — no longer subject to ordinary appeal; enforceable and res judicata.
Titlu executoriu: Enforceable title — final judgments, notarised loan agreements, arbitral awards, certain invoices. Required to start enforcement.
Executor judecătoresc: Romanian judicial enforcement officer (bailiff). The only authorised actor for enforcement of judgments, garnishments and seizures.
Poprire: Garnishment — enforcement on bank accounts and receivables. Cannot exceed 1/3 of net salary (1/2 for maintenance debts).
Sechestru: Seizure of movable or immovable assets, ordered by court or executor. Recorded in the Electronic Asset Register or land book.
Ordonanță președințială: Urgent interim relief — granted when delay would cause irreparable harm. Decided within days.
Somație de plată: Payment summons — fast-track procedure for liquid, certain and due monetary claims (Articles 1014–1025 CPC).
Cerere cu valoare redusă: Small-claims procedure — written, simplified, for claims up to 10,000 RON.
Mediere: Mediation under Law 192/2006 — voluntary ADR. A mediation attempt is mandatory in some matters before trial.
Arbitraj: Arbitration — institutional (CAB) or ad-hoc. Awards are enforceable under the New York Convention (1958).
CABCurtea de Arbitraj Comercial Internațional: Bucharest International Commercial Arbitration Court — Romania's main institutional arbitral forum.
Taxe judiciare de timbru: Court fees — calculated by claim value under GEO 80/2013. Lawyer fees are separate.
Legea insolvenței: Law 85/2014 — Romanian insolvency and pre-insolvency framework. Includes reorganisation, bankruptcy and group-insolvency rules.
BPIBuletinul Procedurilor de Insolvență: Insolvency Procedures Bulletin — official ONRC publication for insolvency, restructuring and reorganisation notices.
Insolvență: State of cessation of payments — debtor cannot pay due debts above 50,000 RON for 60+ days (general threshold).
Reorganizare judiciară: Court-supervised restructuring of a viable debtor — under a confirmed plan, up to 3 years (extendable by 1).
Faliment: Bankruptcy — liquidation phase of insolvency, leading to asset sale and distribution to creditors.
Concordat preventiv: Pre-insolvency restructuring agreement between debtor and creditors, court-confirmed under Law 85/2014.
Administrator judiciar: Court-appointed insolvency practitioner managing the debtor during observation and reorganisation.
Lichidator judiciar: Court-appointed liquidator managing the bankruptcy phase — sells assets and distributes proceeds.
Tabel preliminar / definitiv: Provisional/final list of accepted claims against the debtor, published in BPI.
Creditor garantat: Secured creditor — paid in priority from the proceeds of the secured asset, subject to enforcement costs.
Cerere de admitere creanță: Proof of debt — must be filed within the deadline set in the opening judgment (typically 45–60 days).
Carte funciară: Romanian land book — public register of real-estate rights. Ownership, mortgages and easements are opposable only once registered.
ANCPIAgenția Națională de Cadastru și Publicitate Imobiliară: National Cadastre & Land Registry Agency. Operates Romania's cartography, cadastre and land-book systems.
Intabulare: Registration of a definitive real-estate right (ownership, mortgage) in the land book — required for opposability.
Notare: Recording of provisional facts in the land book — litigation, urbanism restrictions, pre-emption rights.
Extras de carte funciară: Land-book excerpt — current snapshot of an immovable's legal status. Required for any conveyance.
Cadastru: Cadastral documentation — technical identification of an immovable. Must precede first registration in the land book.
Dreptul de preempțiune: Pre-emption right under Law 17/2014 for sales of extra-urban agricultural land — co-owners, lessees, neighbours and the State may step in ahead of a foreign buyer.
Promisiune de vânzare: Pre-contract for sale — Romanian-style 'antecontract'. Often notarised and recorded in the land book to block re-sale.
Uzufruct: Usufruct — real right to use property and collect its fruits. Common in family-property planning.
Servitute: Easement — real right benefitting one parcel over another (right of way, light, water).
Ipotecă: Mortgage — security right over immovable property. Must be notarised and registered in the land book to be effective.
Autorizație de construire: Building permit. Required before any construction works; issued by the local council based on the PUG/PUZ urbanism plans.
PUG / PUZ / PUD: General / Zonal / Detail Urban Plans — define permitted uses, heights and coverage at city, neighbourhood and lot level.
Certificat de urbanism: Urbanism certificate — informative document listing permits and studies required before building.
Recepție la terminarea lucrărilor: Formal acceptance of completed construction works — required before land-book registration of the new building.
ANSPDCPAutoritatea Națională de Supraveghere a Prelucrării Datelor cu Caracter Personal: Romania's Data Protection Authority. Enforces GDPR, issues fines and supervises Art. 27 representatives.
GDPR: EU Regulation 2016/679. Directly applicable in Romania, supplemented by Law 190/2018 on national implementing rules.
DPOData Protection Officer: GDPR-mandated officer for certain controllers/processors. Pantilimon Avocat provides outsourced DPO services.
DPIA: Data Protection Impact Assessment — mandatory before high-risk processing (large-scale profiling, biometric, location).
Art. 27 representative: EU GDPR representative for non-EU controllers/processors targeting EU residents. Required for Romanian market entries from outside the EEA.
OSIMOficiul de Stat pentru Invenții și Mărci: State Office for Inventions and Trademarks. Handles Romanian national trademarks, patents and industrial designs.
Marcă: Trademark — protected via OSIM (Romanian), EUIPO (EU) or WIPO Madrid. 10-year renewable terms.
Brevet de invenție: Patent — Romanian national patents via OSIM, European via EPO. 20-year protection from filing date.
Drept de autor: Copyright under Law 8/1996. Protection arises automatically on creation; ORDA handles collective rights management oversight.
ORDAOficiul Român pentru Drepturile de Autor: Romanian Copyright Office. Operates registers (software, marks of authenticity) and supervises collective-rights bodies.
Know-how: Romania transposed EU Directive 2016/943 via Law 11/1991 (unfair competition) for trade-secret protection.
NIS2: EU Directive 2022/2555 on cybersecurity. Transposed in Romania in 2024 — broad scope for essential and important entities.
DORA: Digital Operational Resilience Act (Regulation 2022/2554). Directly applicable to financial entities; ICT risk and incident-reporting duties.
IGIInspectoratul General pentru Imigrări: Romanian Immigration Authority — issues residence permits, long-stay visas and processes asylum claims.
Viză D: Long-stay visa for stays exceeding 90 days. Categories: work, business, studies, family reunification, religious activities.
Viză D/AS: Long-stay visa for business / commercial activities — typically for shareholders or directors of Romanian companies.
Viză D/AM: Long-stay visa for employment. Requires a prior work permit issued by IGI.
Permis de muncă: Work permit — required for non-EU employees. Annual quotas set by Government decision (100,000+ in recent years).
Permis de ședere: Residence permit. Initial validity typically 1 year, renewable. After 5 years of continuous legal stay, EU long-term resident status is available.
Rezident pe termen lung: EU long-term resident status — 5 years of legal residence and stable income; near-equal rights with Romanian citizens.
Dreptul de ședere UE: EU citizens' right of residence under Directive 2004/38. Registration with IGI required for stays over 90 days.
Nomad digital visa: Romanian digital-nomad visa (GEO 194/2002 as amended) — for remote workers earning at least 3x the Romanian average gross wage.
Cetățenie română: Romanian citizenship — by birth, naturalisation (8 years residence, 4 if married to a Romanian) or re-acquisition by descendants of former citizens.
BNRBanca Națională a României: National Bank of Romania — central bank, banking supervisor and payments regulator.
ASFAutoritatea de Supraveghere Financiară: Financial Supervisory Authority — supervises capital markets, insurance and private pensions in Romania.
ROBOR: Romanian Interbank Offered Rate — historic reference for variable-rate RON loans. Replaced by IRCC for new consumer loans.
IRCCIndicele de Referință pentru Creditele Consumatorilor: Reference rate for new consumer loans in RON, calculated quarterly by BNR based on actual transactions.
Dobânda legală: Statutory interest rate under GO 13/2011 — applies in absence of contractual rate; differs between civil and commercial obligations.
AML / KYC: Anti-Money-Laundering / Know-Your-Customer obligations under Law 129/2019. Apply to banks, lawyers, accountants, real-estate agents, crypto providers.
ONPCSBOficiul Național de Prevenire și Combatere a Spălării Banilor: Romania's Financial Intelligence Unit — receives Suspicious Transaction Reports under AML rules.
MiCA: EU Regulation 2023/1114 on markets in crypto-assets. Directly applicable in Romania; ASF is the competent authority.
CRR / CRD: Capital Requirements Regulation and Directive — EU prudential framework for banks, supplemented by BNR regulations.
PSD2: Payment Services Directive 2 — transposed in Romania by Law 209/2019. Covers PSPs, open banking and SCA.
Garanție mobiliară: Movable security interest registered in the Electronic Asset Register (RNPM). Replaces the old 'gaj'.
RNPMRegistrul Național de Publicitate Mobiliară: National Electronic Register of Movable Security — public registry for movable pledges and reservations of title.
Cod civil: Romanian Civil Code (Law 287/2009) — primary statute for contracts, property, family, inheritance and obligations.
Antecontract: Pre-contract / promise to contract. Romanian courts can issue judgments that replace the missing party's consent.
Clauză penală: Liquidated damages / penalty clause. Courts may reduce it if 'manifestly excessive' under Article 1541 Civil Code.
Pact comisoriu: Express termination clause — Romanian-style ipso facto termination for breach, must be drafted very specifically.
Reziliere: Termination of a successive-performance contract (lease, services) for breach — effects only for the future.
Rezoluțiune: Termination of an instantaneous-performance contract (sale) for breach — restitution of performances.
Forță majoră: Force majeure — unforeseeable, insurmountable external event excusing performance. Romanian Chamber of Commerce issues FM certificates.
Caz fortuit: Fortuitous case — narrower than force majeure; does not automatically excuse contractual performance.
Impreviziune: Hardship under Article 1271 Civil Code — courts may adapt or terminate a contract on exceptional, unforeseeable change of circumstances.
Cesiune de creanță: Assignment of receivables — must be notified to the debtor or accepted in authentic form to be opposable.
Subrogație: Subrogation — transfer of a claim from a creditor to a third party who paid the debt.
Novation: Replacement of an existing obligation by a new one between same or different parties. Must be express.
Solidaritate: Joint and several liability. Not presumed between debtors — must be expressly stipulated or imposed by law.
Convenție matrimonială: Matrimonial agreement — Romanian regimes are community of property, separation of property or community of accruals.
Divorț: Divorce — by mutual consent (notary/registry/court) or contested (court). Notary divorce requires no minor children.
Pensie de întreținere: Maintenance allowance — for children: 25% (1 child), 33% (2), 50% (3+) of obligor's net income.
Custodia comună: Joint custody — the default regime for divorced parents under the Civil Code. Sole custody is exceptional.
Locuința minorului: Child's residence after divorce — set by court based on the child's best interest, often with one parent and visitation for the other.
Cod penal: Romanian Criminal Code (Law 286/2009) — primary statute defining offences and penalties.
Cod de procedură penală: Criminal Procedure Code (Law 135/2010) — governs investigation, prosecution, trial and appeals in criminal matters.
DIICOT: Directorate for Investigating Organised Crime and Terrorism — specialised prosecutor's office.
DNADirecția Națională Anticorupție: National Anticorruption Directorate — specialised prosecutor's office for high-level corruption offences.
Plângere prealabilă: Prior complaint — required to start prosecution for certain offences (minor assault, insult, family abandonment).
Acord de recunoaștere a vinovăției: Plea bargain under Articles 478–488 CPP. Available for offences up to 15 years' imprisonment.
Răspunderea penală a persoanei juridice: Corporate criminal liability under Article 135 Penal Code — companies can be fined, dissolved or excluded from public tenders.
Confiscare extinsă: Extended confiscation of assets disproportionate to lawful income — applicable for serious offences (corruption, money laundering).
ANPCAutoritatea Națională pentru Protecția Consumatorilor: Romania's consumer protection authority. Investigates unfair commercial practices, mislabelling and refund disputes.
Consiliul Concurenței: Romanian Competition Council — enforces national and EU competition law (cartels, abuse of dominance, merger control).
ANREAutoritatea Națională de Reglementare în domeniul Energiei: Romanian Energy Regulator. Licenses energy producers, suppliers and distributors; sets regulated tariffs.
ANCOMAutoritatea Națională pentru Administrare și Reglementare în Comunicații: Romanian telecoms and postal regulator. Issues operator authorisations and manages spectrum.
ANRP: National Authority for Property Restitution — handles claims for properties confiscated by the communist regime.
ANSVSAAutoritatea Națională Sanitară Veterinară și pentru Siguranța Alimentelor: Romanian food-safety and veterinary authority. Authorises food businesses and carries out inspections.
ONJNOficiul Național pentru Jocuri de Noroc: National Gambling Office — licenses land-based and online gambling operators in Romania.
DSP: County Public Health Directorate — authorises medical practices and food-handling activities.
Brussels Ibis: Regulation 1215/2012 on jurisdiction and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters within the EU.
Rome I: Regulation 593/2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations within the EU.
Rome II: Regulation 864/2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (torts, unjust enrichment).
EAPOEuropean Account Preservation Order: Regulation 655/2014 — cross-border freezing of bank accounts of EU debtors without prior notice.
EOPEuropean Order for Payment: Regulation 1896/2006 — simplified cross-border payment order for uncontested EU claims.
ESCPEuropean Small Claims Procedure: Regulation 861/2007 — written procedure for cross-border claims up to €5,000.
Posted Workers Directive: Directive 96/71 as amended by 2018/957. Transposed in Romania by Law 16/2017 — equal pay and conditions from day one.
Apostille: Hague Convention 1961 certification by Romanian Prefectures or courts. Replaces consular legalisation between member states.
Legalizare: Notarised certification of signatures, translations or copies — distinct from Apostille for use within Romania.
Traducător autorizat: Sworn translator authorised by the Ministry of Justice. Required for all official documents submitted to Romanian authorities.
BREXIT permit: Special residence document for UK nationals lawfully residing in Romania before 31 December 2020 (Withdrawal Agreement).

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